欢迎访问农村医药网官方网站!
健康之路
自身免疫性胃炎研究进展
时间:2024-02-29 15:43:41   来源:   浏览量:
摘要:萎缩性胃炎包括多灶萎缩性胃炎和自身免疫性胃炎(Autoimmune Gastritis AIG),AIG是一种自身免疫性疾病。AIG是由CD4+T细胞介导的自身免疫性疾病,刺激B细胞产生壁细胞抗体(parietal cell antibody,PCA)和内因子抗体 (intrinsic factor,IFA),PCA属于IgG类抗体,与胃体,胃底等细胞表面的H+-K+-ATP 酶结合导致细胞受损,泌酸腺体胃酸分泌减少,维生素B12、叶酸、铁 等微量元素吸收障碍导致巨幼红细胞性贫血,缺铁性贫血等。无典型临床症状,往往伴有中上腹胀腹痛,嗳气等1,并且可以伴随其他自身免疫性疾病的发生,如类风湿性关节炎,重症肌无力,一型糖尿病等。AIG在我国患病率并不低,近年来在我国胃镜检出率达0.9%2,但未给予足够的重视。
关键词:自身免疫性胃炎;抗壁细胞抗体;内因子抗体;贫血;遗传;A型胃炎;并发症
Research progress of autoimmune gastritis
AbstractAtrophic gastritis includes multifocal atrophic gastritis and autoimmune gastritis (Autoimmune Gastritis AIG). AIG is an autoimmune disease. AIG is an autoimmune disease mediated by CD4+T cells, which stimulates B cells to produce parietal cell antibodies (parietal cell antibody,PCA) and internal factor antibodies (intrinsic factor,IFA). PCA belongs to the IgG class, which binds to H+-K+-ATP enzymes on the surface of cells such as gastric body and fundus, resulting in cell damage, decreased gastric acid secretion in acid-secreting glands, and absorption disorders of trace elements such as vitamin B12, folic acid and iron, which lead to megaloblastic anemia. Iron deficiency anemia and so on. No typical clinical symptoms, often accompanied by middle and upper abdominal distension, belching and so on1, and can be accompanied by other autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, myasthenia gravis, DM1 and so on. The prevalence of AIG in China is not low. In recent years, the detection rate of gastroscopy in China has reached 0.9% 2, but not enough attention has been paid to it.
Key words: autoimmune gastritis; anti-parietal cell antibody; internal factor antibody; anemia; heredity; type A gastritis; complications
 
自身免疫性胃炎(AIG)是慢性萎缩性胃炎的一种,是一种自身免疫性疾病。组织学上,AIG的特征是泌酸粘膜萎缩,即以胃小体和胃小底为主的萎缩性胃炎,伴有或不伴有粘膜化生。传统上,胃窦粘膜结构是保留的,但在更晚期或如果伴有幽门螺杆菌感染可能出现胃窦萎缩3。有消化不良,胃部不适,乏力等,并且可以伴随其他自身免疫性疾病的发生2。免疫性甲状腺疾病(AITD),类风湿性关节炎,一型糖尿病等。AIG具体发病机制不明,因未有典型的临床表现,容易误诊4

1 发病机制

AIG的第一个案例始于1921年,由塞缪尔·莱文(Samuel Levine)和威廉·(William Ladder)报道,107名原发性垂体瘤中有104例出现低氯血症,这一结果主要是依据维生素B12不足及胃酸不足作出的。目前潜在具体机制尚未完全确定,但涉及遗传和环境因素之间的相互作用5
在正常状态下,胃窦 G细胞通过分泌胃泌素,与肠道嗜铬细胞表面的CCK受体结合,激活 ECL细胞释放组胺。接着,组织胺会与位于细胞壁上的H2受体结合。G蛋白耦联受体H2-R活化后,激活 cAMP/PKA通路,激活激活H+-K+ - ATP酶,泵出H+,循环K+ 同时分泌Cl,促进胃酸分泌。当酸性升高时,D细胞活化,分泌抑制抑素(SSTR2),进而抑制G细胞分泌胃泌素6,7。但是,大多数AIG患者都含有PCA,PCA和IFA与胃底及胃粘膜上的 H+- K+ atp酶结合,最后导致壁细胞被破坏,胃蛋白酶原减少,血浆胃泌素水平增高8,9。另外,幽门螺杆菌脂多糖和胃粘膜有共享一些的蛋白质结构,pylori抗原和壁细胞H + -K +- ATP酶,这反过来又可能刺激PCA的产生10

2 易感因素

2.1 AIG与遗传
诱发AIG的遗传因素尚不明确。尤其是,目前还未找到与 AIG密切关联的基因。有研究发现了数个可能与AIG相关的基因:Gasa1、Gasa2、Gasa3和Gasa4 (A型胃炎易感型)11。上述四个基因尚未发现人的同源型,因此不能开展临床研究。已有研究显示,HLA-DRB1*03、DRB1*04在甲状腺 AID及B12缺乏性贫血病人中显著升高12。在一个关于意大利人的研究中,发现HLA-DRB1*03和DRB1*04比非 AIG病人出现的频繁更高13。芬兰人的研究中中,HLA-DRB1*04和HLA-DQB1*03已被确定为AIG风险增加的标志12。临床上HLA单倍型的多样性体现了AIG的遗传异质性14,15
2.2  AIG与HP
迄今为止,HP感染在AAG中发挥特定作用的假说被认为“本身”不足以引发自身免疫性疾病11,16,17。虽然有些AIG患者现在或过去感染过幽门螺旋杆菌,但幽门螺旋杆菌感染与AIG之间的确切关系尚不清楚。在实验小鼠模型中,幽门螺杆菌感染对AIG的发生起着积极还是消极的作用仍存在争议18,19。日本一项临床研究发现,幽门螺杆菌性胃炎在泛发性萎缩型 AIG 中的发病率很低,一项研究20发现几乎半数的 AIG都是在彻底清除后出现的。有报告称,根除幽门螺杆菌会对 AIG的发展产生影响,但这个观点仍存在争议。
性别方面,女性患AIG的概率相对较高,男女比例为2.2:1。在不同种族中,女性在3:1 ~ 2:1之间占优势21。出现这种差异的原因可能是:女性的免疫反应性更强,免疫细胞的敏感性和数量与男性不同,在受到刺激后产生更高滴度的抗体22

3 AIG的诊断

AIG存在误诊,因为该疾病早期通常无症状或伴有轻度非特异性症状,常以晚期的恶性贫血为特征。如果萎缩性胃炎伴有贫血时,应考虑AIG发生的可能。AIG的诊断往往是综合的,即通过结合内镜检查和血清学鉴定等手段来确诊。
3.1 内镜检查
内镜检查结果常是AIG诊断的第一线索,其特异性内镜征象是胃体部和胃底部萎缩,胃窦部无萎缩,即"逆萎缩"。当病变发展到一定程度时,粘膜会逐渐变薄,褶皱也会被压扁,胃褶消失,粘膜发白,透过变薄的粘膜可以看到明显的血管。此外,还可发现一些微小的病灶,例如神经内分泌肿瘤(NET),甚至是腺瘤或腺癌23,24。AIG与传统的萎缩性胃炎比较,凹陷型的增殖性息肉较多见。Maruyama等25分析了20例AIG和非AIG病例的内镜下表现,发现AIG病例中小窝型增生性息肉的发生率明显较高(AIG: 50%;非aig: 15%)31。虽然AIG往往不伴有胃窦部的病变,但胃黏膜可因HP感染或胆汁反流呈现红色或褪色。另外,幽门螺杆菌感染者也可表现为萎缩或炎症,所以,胃窦的颜色有变化也是正常的26,27
3.2 组织学诊断
组织学诊断帮助AIG进行分期,分为早期,红肿期,晚期。早期壁细胞破坏不严重,ECL无增生或轻度增生,在胃腺间可见轻度至中度淋巴细胞/浆细胞浸润。幽门腺粘膜早期也有轻度增生。红肿期和晚期壁细胞明显减少或缺失,并伴有明显的变性,而ECL细胞和G细胞增生可作为辅助诊断28
3.3血清学诊断
血清学检测包括靶特异性抗体、血清PG I水平、PG I/II比值、血清胃泌素水平和维生素B12水平。血清中抗体,即PCA和IFA通常存在于85-90%的AIG患者中29,但对于诊断来说不是特异性的,因为阳性PCA见于其他情况,例如PCA随着年龄的增长而下降,对于50岁或以上的人来说作为诊断依据并不可靠30。由于IFA检测的价格较为昂贵,PCA的测量成本相对较低,被广泛应用,随着胃粘膜改变的进展,PCA浓度逐渐升高至峰值,然后下降31,32。免疫组化结果显示,AIG患者H+-K+ ATP酶抗体染色阴性,嗜铬粒蛋白A (CgA)染色阳性,提示胃底和胃底黏膜损伤是由CAP破坏壁细胞所致33,34
胃蛋白酶原(PG)是一种检测胃粘膜功能的方法,PG I和PG II是由主细胞和胃腺分泌的两种亚型,PGI及 PG I/II比值可作为评估胃粘膜功能的特异性指标。PGⅠ只在体内合成,而在胃窦部也合成 PGII。所以,当胃体积逐渐缩小时,PG-I及PG-II水平均下降;但因有胃窦腔滞留,故PG-II降低幅度较低。所以,PG Ⅰ:Ⅱ的比率有助于在活体上进行骨骼肌萎缩的诊断。目前临床上应用最多的阈值为 PGI<70, PG I: II<3,可用于区分中、重度肢体萎缩35

4 并发症

AIG患者晚期常伴有贫血,如报道的意大利(27%)和日本(6.5%)在AIG患者中,维生素B12缺乏性贫血的发生率约为24.6%,但在年轻患者中很少见36-38。一项针对122例急性淋巴结肠炎病人的单中心研究,结果显示76位病人至少存在一种营养素不足(B12,铁,维生素D和叶酸),52位病人存在一种或多种营养缺陷39
AIG与其他自身免疫性疾病共存并不罕见,合并甲状腺疾病最为普遍,近期的两个回顾性群组研究发现,在 AIG病人中,有36-44%存在自身免疫性疾病40,41。相反,在自身免疫性甲状腺疾病患者中,约40%患有萎缩性胃炎40。1型糖尿病(T1 DM)患者中患AIG的风险是一般人群的3-5倍42。其他疾病如如白癜风,慢性自发性荨麻疹,重症肌无力和口周皮肤自身免疫性疾病。有研究显示,在儿童AIG患者病程过程中肠嗜铬细胞(ECL) 增生引起的组胺分泌过多会导致性荨麻疹的出现43。另外自身免疫性胃炎易伴有结肠增生性成腺瘤性息肉,可能与幽门螺杆菌感染有关44
AIG患者伴有慢性炎症被可能是癌症的风险因素,如肝炎、结肠炎和胰腺炎。Correa认为慢性炎症导致的组织萎缩和肠化生是一种癌前病变。2012年的一项meta分析中,胃腺癌的年发病率为0.27%。此外,慢性胃炎促进了胃窦部g细胞产生胃泌素,进而使肠嗜铬细胞增生,可进一步发展为胃类癌45。不过这只是胃癌的罕见病因(<1%)。

5 治疗

目前对于AIG的缺乏有效治疗手段,主要预防和治疗维生素B12缺乏,以及及时诊断胃腺癌和NETs。重要的是,如果不及时治疗,就会造成不可逆的神经系统损伤。尤其是在有神经系统症状的情况下,肠道外补充剂优于口服补充剂46。但对于维生素B12的剂量问题存在较大争议,迫切需要研究维生素B12治疗需求的个体差异47。Wolffenbuttel等人48指出53和B12疗法相关的7个常见误解,即:(1)口服维生素B12比肠道减轻神经症状的效果更好;(2)当血清中维生素B12正常时,应立即停用;(3) 血清维生素B12增高时,应立即停用;(4)注射五次或以上是有害的;(5)3次注射后,需测定血中维生素B12含量,以评价补剂的效果;(6)如果病情加重,就应该终止治疗;(7)妊娠时不能使用这种治疗方法。AIG患者发生胃癌的风险增加,因此应采用组织学分期系统评估胃萎缩。为了评估AIG患者的癌变风险,胃萎缩和肠化生的严重程度,应建议患者根据胃炎评估(OLGA)分期系统的操作环节进行活检。晚期AIG患者每3年内镜随访一次,早期患者每3 ~ 5年随访一次。

6 结语

AIG在临床实践过程中很容易被经验不足的医生所忽略,如果能早发现早治疗,就可以及时避免一些恶性的并发症,因此应加强临床医生对于AIG的重视程度。对于无症状的病人,在例行体检的时候,应该考虑一下有没有自身免疫性胃炎。如果能及早发现自身免疫胃炎,则可以避免由于B12缺乏或外周神经病变所致的贫血,同时也可以发现胃癌和 NETs的高风险人群。

7 参考文献

  1. 梁春耕,李静波,肖定洪等.69例自身免疫性胃炎证候分布规律的单中心回顾性横断面研究[J].中国中西医结合消化杂志,2022,30(07):495-499.
  2. Zhang H, ** Z, Cui R, et al. Autoimmune metaplastic atrophic gastritis in Chinese: a study of 320 patients at a large tertiary medical center[J]. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2017, 52(2): 150-156.
  3. Judd L M, Gleeson P A, Toh B H, et al. Autoimmune gastritis results in disruption of gastric epithelial cell development[J]. American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology, 1999, 277(1): G209-G218.
  4. 建明, 王亚雷. 自身免疫性胃炎临床诊断值得重视与认识的问题 [J] . 中华消化杂志, 2023, 43(3) : 209-212. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn311367-20220828-00411.
  5. Arango M T, Perricone C, Kivity S, et al. HLA-DRB1 the notorious gene in the mosaic of autoimmunity[J]. Immunologic research, 2017, 65: 82-98.
  6. Burkitt M D, Pritchard D M. Pathogenesis and management of gastric carcinoid tumours[J]. Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics, 2006, 24(9): 1305-1320.
  7. Schubert M L. Gastric acid secretion[J]. Current opinion in gastroenterology, 2016, 32(6): 452-460.
  8. Neumann W L, Coss E, Rugge M, et al. Autoimmune atrophic gastritis—pathogenesis, pathology and management[J]. Nature reviews Gastroenterology & hepatology, 2013, 10(9): 529-541.
  9. Massironi S, Zilli A, Elvevi A, et al. The changing face of chronic autoimmune atrophic gastritis: an updated comprehensive perspective[J]. Autoimmunity Reviews, 2019, 18(3): 215-222.
  10. Amedei A, Bergman M P, Appelmelk B J, et al. Molecular mimicry between Helicobacter pylori antigens and H+, K+–adenosine triphosphatase in human gastric autoimmunity[J]. The Journal of experimental medicine, 2003, 198(8): 1147-1156.
  11. Silveira P A, Wilson W E, Esteban L M, et al. Identification of the Gasa3 and Gasa4 autoimmune gastritis susceptibility genes using congenic mice and partitioned, segregative and interaction analyses[J]. Immunogenetics, 2001, 53: 741-750.
  12. Ungar B, Mathews J D, Tait B D, et al. HLA-DR patterns in pernicious anaemia[J]. British medical journal (Clinical research ed.), 1981, 282(6266): 768.
  13. Lahner E, Spoletini M, Buzzetti R, et al. HLA-DRB1* 03 and DRB1* 04 are associated with atrophic gastritis in an Italian population[J]. Digestive and Liver Disease, 2010, 42(12): 854-859.
  14. Laisk T, Lepamets M, Koel M, et al. Genome-wide association study identifies five risk loci for pernicious anemia[J]. Nature Communications, 2021, 12(1): 3761.
  15. Li X, Thomsen H, Sundquist K, et al. Familial risks between pernicious anemia and other autoimmune diseases in the population of Sweden[J]. Autoimmune Diseases, 2021, 2021.
  16. Annibale B, Lahner E, Santucci A, et al. CagA and VacA are immunoblot markers of past Helicobacter pylori infection in atrophic body gastritis[J]. Helicobacter, 2007, 12(1): 23-30.
  17. Presotto F, Sabini B, Cecchetto A, et al. Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric autoimmune diseases: is there a link?[J]. Helicobacter, 2003, 8(6): 578-584.
  18. Ohana M, Okazaki K, Oshima C, et al. Inhibitory effects of Helicobacter pylori infection on murine autoimmune gastritis[J]. Gut, 2003, 52(8): 1102.
  19. Bergman M P, Vandenbroucke-Grauls C M J E, Appelmelk B J, et al. The story so far: Helicobacter pylori and gastric autoimmunity[J]. International Reviews of Immunology, 2005, 24(1-2): 63-91.
  20. Notsu T, Adachi K, Mishiro T, et al. Prevalence of autoimmune gastritis in individuals undergoing medical checkups in Japan[J]. Internal Medicine, 2019, 58(13): 1817-1823.
  21. Lenti M V, Rugge M, Lahner E, et al. Autoimmune gastritis[J]. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 2020, 6(1): 56.
  22. Lahner E, Dilaghi E, Cingolani S, et al. Gender-sex differences in autoimmune atrophic gastritis[J]. Translational Research, 2022, 248: 1-10.
  23. Buxbaum J L, Hormozdi D, Dinis-Ribeiro M, et al. Narrow-band imaging versus white light versus map** biopsy for gastric intestinal metaplasia: a prospective blinded trial[J]. Gastrointestinal endoscopy, 2017, 86(5): 857-865.
  24. Shah S C, Piazuelo M B, Kuipers E J, et al. AGA clinical practice update on the diagnosis and management of atrophic gastritis: expert review[J]. Gastroenterology, 2021, 161(4): 1325-1332. e7.
  25. Maruyama Y, Yoshii S, Kageoka M. Endoscopic findings of autoimmune gastritis-chronic atrophic gastritis type A[J]. Stomach Intestine, 2019, 54: 998-1009.
  26. Kamada T, Monobe Y, Haruma K. Clinical features and endoscopic findings of autoimmune gastritis and resultant gastric cancer[J]. Gastroenterol Endosc, 2021, 63: 1520-37.
  27. Terao S, Suzuki S, Yaita H, et al. Multicenter study of autoimmune gastritis in Japan: clinical and endoscopic characteristics[J]. Digestive Endoscopy, 2020, 32(3): 364-372.
  28. Kamada T, Watanabe H, Furuta T, et al. Diagnostic criteria and endoscopic and histological findings of autoimmune gastritis in Japan[J]. Journal of Gastroenterology, 2023, 58(3): 185-195.
  29. Rusak E, Chobot A, Krzywicka A, et al. Anti-parietal cell antibodies–diagnostic significance[J]. Advances in medical sciences, 2016, 61(2): 175-179.
  30. Conti L, Lenti M V, Di Sabatino A, et al. Seronegative autoimmune atrophic gastritis is more common in elderly patients[J]. Digestive and liver disease, 2020, 52(11): 1310-1314.
  31. Tozzoli R, Kodermaz G, Perosa A R, et al. Autoantibodies to parietal cells as predictors of atrophic body gastritis: a five-year prospective study in patients with autoimmune thyroid diseases[J]. Autoimmunity reviews, 2010, 10(2): 80-83.
  32. Nishizawa T, Watanabe H, Yoshida S, et al. Decreased anti-parietal cell antibody titer in the advanced phase of autoimmune gastritis[J]. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2022, 57(2): 143-148.
  33. De Block C E M, De Leeuw I H, Van Gaal L F. Autoimmune gastritis in type 1 diabetes: a clinically oriented review[J]. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 2008, 93(2): 363-371.
  34. Delva P L, MacDonell J E, MacIntosh O C. Megaloblastic anemia occurring simultaneously in white female monozygotic twins[J]. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 1965, 92(21): 1129.
  35. Ogutmen Koc D, Bektas S. Serum pepsinogen levels and OLGA/OLGIM staging in the assessment of atrophic gastritis types[J]. Postgraduate Medical Journal, 2022, 98(1160): 441-445.
  36. Annibale B, Capurso G, Chistolini A, et al. Gastrointestinal causes of refractory iron deficiency anemia in patients without gastrointestinal symptoms[J]. The American journal of medicine, 2001, 111(6): 439-445.
  37. Villanacci V, Casella G, Lanzarotto F, et al. Autoimmune gastritis: relationships with anemia and Helicobacter pylori status[J]. Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology, 2017, 52(6-7): 674-677.
  38. Bizzaro N, Antico A. Diagnosis and classification of pernicious anemia[J]. Autoimmunity reviews, 2014, 13(4-5): 565-568.
  39. Zilli A, Cavalcoli F, Ciafardini C, et al. Deficiency of micronutrients in patients affected by chronic atrophic autoimmune gastritis: A single-institution observational study[J]. Digestive and Liver Disease, 2019, 51(4): 505-509.
  40. Chan J C W, Liu H S Y, Kho B C S, et al. Pattern of thyroid autoimmunity in chinese patients with pernicious anemia[J]. The American journal of the medical sciences, 2009, 337(6): 432-437.
  41. Kalkan Ç, Soykan I. Polyautoimmunity in autoimmune gastritis[J]. European Journal of Internal Medicine, 2016, 31: 79-83.
  42. De Block C E M, De Leeuw I H, Bogers J, et al. Helicobacter pylori, parietal cell antibodies and autoimmune gastropathy in type 1 diabetes mellitus[J]. Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics, 2002, 16(2): 281-289.
  43. Bufka J, Sýkora J, Vaňková L, et al. Impact of autoimmune gastritis on chronic urticaria in paediatric patients–pathophysiological point of views[J]. European Journal of Pediatrics, 2023: 1-8.
  44. [1]杨盼,贺赛玉,黄定鹏等.自身免疫性胃炎并发结肠息肉患者CagA、胃黏膜功能和自身抗体的变化[J].中南医学科学杂志,2023,51(04):603-606.DOI:10.15972/j.cnki.43-1509/r.2023.04.033.
  45. Kulnigg-Dabsch S. Autoimmune gastritis[J]. Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift, 2016, 166(13-14): 424-430.
  46. Rustgi S D, Bijlani P, Shah S C. Autoimmune gastritis, with or without pernicious anemia: epidemiology, risk factors, and clinical management[J]. Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology, 2021, 14: 17562848211038771.
  47. Cotton M, McCaddon A. Examining the Diagnosis and Treatment Experiences of People Living With Autoimmune Gastritis and Pernicious Anemia[J]. Journal of Patient Experience, 2023, 10: 23743735231151767.
  48. Wolffenbuttel B H R, Wouters H J C M, Heiner-Fokkema M R, et al. The many faces of cobalamin (vitamin B12) deficiency[J]. Mayo clinic proceedings: innovations, quality & outcomes, 2019, 3(2): 200-214.                                                                                                                                                                                                                      李傲   承德医学院 
                                                            
关于我们 | 联系我们 | 版权声明 | 广告刊登

版权所有:农村医药报网

蒙ICP备16001043号-3    蒙公网安备 15010502001698号

'); })();